New
Pack

Tikawa Focus Pack - Lupin Coffee + Organic Lion's Mane | Biovie

Tikawa Focus Pack (Lupin Coffee + Lion's Mane) Organic

Discover our Tikawa Focus pack including our organic lupin coffee + a 72g packet of organic Lion's Mane extract concentrated at 10:1 to mix with Tikawa
Caffeine-free

€49.95

Instead of €59.85

Tax included

Tikawa Focus Pack - Tikawa Classic Lupin Coffee 720 g + Organic Lion's Mane Extract 10:1 Water-Soluble 72 g

Save money and prepare your lupin coffee enriched with adaptogenic mushroom.

The Tikawa Focus Pack is our Organic lupin coffee enriched with adaptogenic mushroom, designed for those who want to preserve the ritual of coffee while adding the benefits of Lion's Mane. It combines our Tikawa Classic - a genuine organic roasted lupin coffee, produced in Bavaria by our partner Loffee - at our 10:1 concentrated water-soluble extract of organic Lion's Mane. The principle is simple: Upon receipt, you mix the two packets once.. Then, you use the blend just like a classic Tikawa - in an espresso machine, Italian coffee maker, or filter - and the water-soluble extract naturally releases into the cup during preparation.

🍄 Why associate Tikawa and Lion's Mane ?

Tikawa and Lion's Mane are two ingredients with very different origins - Bavarian lands for one, Japanese Buddhist monasteries for the other - but they share the same principle: support daily vitality without resorting to caffeine. The Tikawa brings its long roasting, its complex aroma similar to coffee, and the protein richness of blue sweet lupin. The Lion's Mane extract offers its nutritional profile rich in beta-glucans and its historical connection with Japanese Buddhist monks who consumed it to support their long sessions of meditation and study.

> Step 1: Prepare the mixture (only once, upon receipt)

Upon receiving the pack, prepare your Tikawa Focus blend:

Pour the 72 g packet of Lion's Mane extract into the 720 g packet of Tikawa.
Close the bag and shake vigorously for 30 seconds (or pour the two bags into a larger container and mix.)
Let it sit for 2 minutes, then shake again before the first use.
Keep in a cool, dry place, away from light, in the resealable Tikawa bag.

You get 792 g of Tikawa Focus blend enriched with 10% Lion's Mane extract, ready to use for 2 to 3 months of daily consumption.
Compare with market concentrations !

> Step 2: Prepare your cup (every day, like a regular coffee)

The Tikawa Focus blend is being prepared. exactly like a classic Tikawa. The grind is coarser and heavier than that of coffee - it also swells more, due to the high protein content of lupin (40%).
So adjust the quantities downwards:
- Filter / French press : use 20% less grinding than for your traditional coffee.
- Italian coffee maker : use approximately 50-65% of the usual quantity (in volume).
- Espresso machine : for the Tikawa Classique, a manual espresso machine is recommended.

During the preparation, hot water passes through the grounds and The Lion's Mane extract (water-soluble) naturally dissolves in your cup., while the lupin grounds remain in the filter. This is exactly the principle used by the best mushroom-filtered coffees on the market.

🍄 Why is the water-soluble extract form essential for this pack ?

The 10:1 water-soluble Lion's Mane extract is ten times more concentrated than the standard powder - 1 g of extract is equivalent to about 10 g of raw material. But most importantly, its water-soluble nature is the key to the functioning of the pack : During the preparation of your Tikawa, hot water passes through the grounds and carries the extract into the cup, while the insoluble lupin particles are retained by the filter. A classic Lion's Mane powder, on the other hand, would not pass through the filter - it would remain with the grounds. This is what sets this extract apart from other forms available on the market.

🍄 Other uses for the mixture ?

If you don't use a coffee maker, the Tikawa Focus blend can also be prepared in direct infusion in the cup (1 tablespoon + hot water + 3-4 minutes of steeping + straining through a sieve if you prefer without residue), or incorporate into recipes for lattes, smoothies, or cold drinks. See detailed recipes further down in this tab.

🍄 Recommended Dosage

- Target daily dose of extract : 1 g per day. Depending on your preparation method, you will obtain between 0.5 and 0.9 g of extract per cup (filter/French press ≈ 0.5 g, Italian coffee maker or espresso ≈ 0.7-0.9 g). 1 to 2 cups per day are enough to reach the recommended maintenance dose.
- Maximum : Do not exceed 30 g of mixture per day (≈ 3 g of extract).
- Tikawa : Caffeine-free, non-acidic, you can drink it at any time, including in the evening.
- Moment of capture : Indifferent. Lion's Mane has no stimulating effect, nor does Tikawa - both can be consumed throughout the day, including in the evening.
- Duration : Daily culinary integration without limitation.

Precautions for use : Not recommended in case oflupin allergy (major EU allergen - possible cross-reactions with peanuts in about one in five allergic individuals). However, people allergic to soy generally tolerate lupin well. Not recommended in case of mushroom allergy. If undergoing medical treatment (especially anticoagulants or immunosuppressants), seek advice from your healthcare professional. Not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women due to lack of data on Lion's Mane. The Tikawa is naturally gluten-free and product in a gluten-free workshop - Lupin is a legume, not a cereal.

➡️ Recipe 1: Morning Focus Espresso

The most authentic way to enjoy Tikawa Focus: an espresso prepared with a manual machine. The Lion's Mane extract naturally releases into the cup during preparation.

For 1 cup - Preparation time: 2 minutes

Ingredients:
- a dose of Tikawa Focus blend (following the machine's recommendations - reduce the quantity compared to regular coffee as lupin expands)
- sweetener of choice (optional)

Preparation:
- Load the portafilter of your machine with a dose of Tikawa Focus blend. Remember to use less ground coffee than with regular coffee.
- Start the preparation. The hot water passes through the grounds and releases the Lion's Mane extract into the cup, while the lupin grounds remain filtered.
- Sweeten if desired, and enjoy immediately.

➡️ Recipe 2: The Focus Latte (filter/French press)

A longer and softer version, ideal for accompanying a reading session, meditation, or intellectual work.

For 1 large cup (≈ 250 ml)

Ingredients:
- a dose of Tikawa Focus blend for filter/French press preparation (-20% compared to regular coffee)
- 200 ml of simmering water (~85°C)
- 50 ml of warm plant-based milk (Tiger nut or Hemp)
- 1 teaspoon of honey or maple syrup (optional)
- 1 pinch of cinnamon

Preparation:
- Prepare your Tikawa Focus using a filter or French press according to your usual method. The Lion's Mane extract goes directly into the brew.
- Pour into the cup, add the warm plant-based milk on top.
- Sweetener and cinnamon to taste. Stir and enjoy.

➡️ Recipe 3: The Cold Focus Smoothie (Summer)

For this cold version, first prepare a Tikawa Focus cold brew the day before, then make the smoothie in the morning.

Ingredients:
- 100 ml of Tikawa Focus strong brew and cooled (cold brew)
- 1 very ripe banana
- 200 ml of fresh plant-based milk
- 1 teaspoon of raw cacao in powder form (optional)
- a few ice cubes

Blend the mixture for 30 seconds. Serve immediately.

> For the cold brew: pour 2 tablespoons of Tikawa Focus blend into 250 ml of cold water, let it steep for 8 to 12 hours in the refrigerator, then strain.

🍄 To learn more, also check out our blog articles:

Lupin, Superfood of the Year 2026: What You Need to Know

Quitting coffee without suffering: a smooth transition with lupin coffee

Decaffeinated coffee and sleep: regaining restorative nights

Lion's Mane (Hericium Erinaceus): Proven Benefits, Dangers, and Dosage

Lion's Mane and Memory: What Do Scientific Studies Really Say ?

The Tikawa Focus Pack combine two functional ingredients with complementary profiles: the organic sweet blue lupin (present in Tikawa, in roasted form) and the Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus) in the form of a 10:1 water-soluble concentrated extract. Two traditions, two continents, but the same logic: gentle daily support, caffeine-free, stimulant-free.

☕ The Tikawa: Bavarian roasted lupin coffee

Tikawa is a hot roasted beverage made from soft blue lupin from Bavarian organic agriculture. Lupin is a legume with an exceptional nutritional profile: its protein content reaches about 40% - higher than that of soy - it is naturally gluten-free, rich in dietary fiber and has a low glycemic index. The "sweet blue" variety used by Loffee is distinguished by its particularly high protein content and very low bitterness - which gives Tikawa its indulgent body and natural sweetness.

What Tikawa provides nutritionally:
- a high in plant-based proteins (approximately 40% in sweet blue lupin),
- some Dietary fibers beneficial for transit and satiety,
- a total absence of caffeine - unlike traditional coffee,
- a gluten-free and lactose-free,
- a/an alkalizing effect on the body - unlike coffee, which is very acidic,
- a/an low glycemic index, which makes it a suitable companion for a balanced breakfast,
- a long roasting (180-200°C) that preserves the nutrients and Avoid the formation of acrylamide.

🍄 Lion's Mane: the mushroom of Buddhist monks

Lion's Mane has been consumed for over a thousand years in Asia. The Yamabushi Buddhist monks - the ascetics of the Japanese mountains - traditionally consumed it, hence its Japanese name Lion's mane mushroom. .
It is a mushroom naturally rich in:
- beta-glucans, soluble fibers characteristic of mushrooms,
- essential amino acids,
- ergosterol, precursor of vitamin D2,
- Hericenones and erinacines, compounds that are not found in any other mushroom,
- traces of minerals : potassium, zinc, iron, selenium.

The Lion's Mane is one of the most studied mushrooms by international scientific research - our blog articles detail the studies published on this topic.

A duo that also makes sense for the planet

Choosing Tikawa over traditional coffee has a major environmental impact.
For a daily drinker, over a year:
- -75% CO2 emitted during the production of Tikawa compared to a regular coffee,
- 13,000 L of water used for the Tikawa (= a 3-minute shower/day) against 126,000 L for coffee (= two baths/day),
- 0 L of polluted water with lupin: no need for fertilizers or pesticides for its cultivation,
- a carbon footprint reduced by 95% according to the published analyses,
- a plant which enriches the soil thanks to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.

Why does this association work well ?

The Tikawa and the Lion's Mane complement each other both organoleptically and nutritionally:
- on taste : the long roasting of Tikawa perfectly masks the subtle umami note of Lion's Mane,
- on the format : the water-soluble nature of the extract allows for instant dissolution in the Tikawa cup, without lumps,
- on the use : both ingredients are caffeine-free, they can be consumed at any time of the day, including in the evening,
- on the global profile : plant proteins from lupin (40%) + beta-glucans from Lion's Mane = a nutritionally rich duo to start the day.

As with all our products, Tikawa and Lion's Mane extract were selected after a rigorous audit of their respective suppliers. Tikawa is produced in Bavaria (Germany) by our partner Loffee from organic Bavarian lupins - we discovered this brand in 2022. The Lion's Mane extract is produced in China, in the Gutian district (Fujian province), a historical hub of Asian mushroom cultivation.

🍄 To explore further:

Why lupin coffee is truly a game changer for the planet

Lupin, superfood of the year 2026

Lion's Mane (Hericium Erinaceus): Proven Benefits, Dangers, and Dosage

Lion's Mane and Memory: What Do Scientific Studies Really Say ?

Coffee or lupin? Which is the better choice ?

The Tikawa Focus Pack combines two fields of excellence across two continents. : the Tikawa, produced in Bavaria by our German partner Loffee from organic Bavarian lupins, and the Lion's Mane extract, produced in China in the Gutian district. Here is the presentation of each.

☕ Our supplier Tikawa: Loffee, a Biovie partnership since 2022

Tikawa is the result of a partnership between Biovie and the German company. Loffee, led by Simon and Jan. Both come from the coffee industry: their expertise, acquired throughout their professional journey in refining the best raw coffees, is now dedicated to the development and production of their products based on roasted lupin beans. We discovered this brand in 2022 and adopted Tikawa daily at Biovie.

Thanks to their many years of experience, Simon and Jan have been able to learn and master the art of roasting. They know that complex aromas need time to fully develop. Their roasted lupins are crafted with as much care as the finest traditional coffees. Their expertise and the technical equipment at their disposal convinced us to work with them and offer you their products on biovie.fr.

The lupins come from Bavarian organic farming.. They are grown, harvested, and processed virtually on their doorstep. The entire process of harvesting and producing roasted lupin coffee is transparent.. It is also interesting to note that their entire team is properly compensated and that no one has to work in inhumane conditions - which is unfortunately not always the case in the conventional coffee industry.

For roasting, Loffee uses exclusively sweet blue lupins, a variety with a protein content higher than average (around 40%) and very little bitterness. This is why their lupin coffee is so pleasantly sweet and has a lot of body.

Lupin seeds are roasted in two small drum roasters for nearly 30 minutes at a maximum of 180-200°C. This slow and gentle roasting - unlike rapid industrial roasting - preserves nutrients, prevents the formation of acrylamide and produces a beverage that is better tolerated by the stomach. Thanks to this long roasting process, the beans develop complex aromas and a subtle roasted note.

The Tikawa is produced in a gluten-free workshop. - an additional guarantee for people who are intolerant or sensitive to gluten.

An incomparable environmental impact

For a daily drinker, over a year, choosing Tikawa instead of a traditional coffee represents:
✓ -75% CO2 to manufacturing
✓ 13,000 L of water used (= a 3-minute shower/day) against 126,000 L for coffee (= two baths/day)
✓ 0 L of polluted water with lupin: no fertilizers or pesticides needed
✓ - 95% carbon footprint global
✓ A plant that enriches the soil thanks to its natural ability to fix nitrogen

> Curious to learn more? Discover our article: Why lupin coffee is truly a game changer for the planet.

🍄 Our supplier Lion's Mane: Gutian District (Fujian, China)

Biovie has extensively searched for a supplier of medicinal mushrooms certified by Ecocert, including our organic water-soluble Lion's Mane extract, that is reliable and competitive on an international level.

Our organic Lion's Mane mushrooms are produced in the Gutian District, Fujian Province in China, a historic international leader in the production of Asian medicinal mushrooms. Gutian has been recognized for decades as a center of excellence for mycoculture, where the best traditional expertise and the most demanding quality standards in the industry are concentrated.

Our cultures are located far from city pollution, in preserved areas where the air and water are of high quality. This location is essential for a mushroom like Lion's Mane, which absorbs and concentrates elements from its environment.

Our supplier is primarily dedicated to the production of natural extracts derived from mushrooms - notably Cordyceps militaris, Lion's Mane, and other varieties of functional mushrooms. The company is renowned for its specialized expertise in the cultivation, extraction, and processing of fungal materials. Their facilities are equipped with over 20 tank reactors, a GMP-compliant API production line, and several state-of-the-art analytical machines.

The company also has a 4,600 m² workshop for high-quality plant extracts, equipped with numerous facilities, including three multifunctional 6-ton extraction tanks, a high-efficiency concentration tower, a resin adsorption column, and a spray drying tower.

The company holds organic certificates from the EU/USDA/CANADA and the ISO22000 quality and safety management system.

The 10:1 water-soluble extraction process

The water-soluble 10:1 extract is obtained by hot water decoction of dried Lion's Mane, followed by filtration, vacuum concentration, and spray-drying. This process does not use any chemical solvents - only water - and preserves the integrity of thermosensitive compounds. The 10:1 ratio means that 10 kilograms of raw material are needed to obtain 1 kilogram of concentrated extract.

Certifications and traceability of the pack:

✓ Tikawa : Bavarian organic agriculture - certified organic blue sweet lupin - gluten-free workshop
✓ Lion's Mane : EU Organic Certification (Ecocert) / USDA Organic / Canada Organic
✓ Quality Management System ISO 22000 (Lion's Mane)
✓ Origin Tikawa : Bavaria, Germany - Loffee partner since 2022
✓ Origin Lion's Mane Gutian District, Fujian, China
✓ Extraction ratio 10:1 documented and controlled (Lion's Mane)
✓ Slow roasting 180-200°C - without acrylamide formation (Tikawa)

> Feel free to also check out our blog post: Organic farming in China

The pack contains:
- 1 packet of Tikawa Classic 720 g - organic roasted lupin coffee, to be prepared like traditional coffee (medium ground grind)
- 1 packet of10:1 Concentrated Water-Soluble Organic Lion's Mane Extract 72 g (Hericium erinaceus)

The two products are at mix upon receipt of the pack in the Tikawa sachet to obtain 792 g of ready-to-use Tikawa Focus blend. Then, you prepare this blend exactly like a classic Tikawa (espresso machine, Italian coffee maker, filter, French press) - the water-soluble extract naturally releases into your cup during preparation.

☕ Tikawa Classic - Features

- Ingredients : 100% pure roasted lupin from organic farming - classic taste organic lupin coffee. No additives and no chemicals. Caffeine-free and free from caffeic acid.
- Origin : Cultivation, barrel roasting, and packaging in Germany (Bavaria) - partner Loffee.
- Net weight : 720 g
- Certifications : Organic Agriculture - Bavarian organic - gluten-free workshop
- Allergens : contains lupin (major EU allergen) - possible cross-reactions with peanuts in about 1 in 5 allergic individuals. Naturally gluten-free and lactose-free.

- Recommended preparation : manual espresso machine (ideal for the Classic), Italian coffee maker (50-65% of the usual amount), filter or French press (-20% of the grind).

Average nutritional values per 100 ml of prepared Tikawa Classic :

Nutritional values	for 100 ml of prepared beverage
Energy	3 kJ / 1 kcal
Fats	< 0.1 g
saturated fatty acids	< 0.1 g
Carbohydrates	< 0.1 g
no sugars	< 0.1 g
Proteins	0.2 g
Salt	< 0.03 g

These values are measured on 100 ml of prepared beverage, not on the dry grounds. As with a classic filtered coffee, most of the material remains in the filter - only the soluble fraction passes into the cup. The blue sweet lupin seed contains about 40% protein in its raw state.

🍄 Organic Lion's Mane 10:1 Concentrated Extract - Features

- Ingredients : 10:1 concentrated extract, 100% organic water-soluble Lion's ManeHericium erinaceus), derived from organic farming, without excipients or additives.
- Extraction ratio : 10:1 (10 kg of raw material for 1 kg of extract)
- Solubility : 100% water-soluble - instant dissolution in water, hot or cold
- Origin Gutian District, Fujian Province, China
- Net weight : 72 g
- Certifications : Organic Agriculture EU / USDA / Canada - Certified Ecocert
- Allergens : contains mushrooms - not recommended for those with mushroom allergies.

- Dosage in the pack : integrated into the Tikawa Focus blend at 10% - approximately 0.5 to 0.9 g of extract per cup depending on the preparation method. Maximum 30 g of blend per day (≈ 3 g of extract).

Average nutritional values per 100 g of organic Lion's Mane extract 10:1 :

Nutritional values	for 100 g
Sodium (mg/100 g)	34.1
Energy (kJ/100 g)	1560
Carbohydrates (g/100 g)	84.3
Proteins (g/100 g)	7.45
Moisture (g/100 g)	3.21
Ash (g/100 g)	5
Total lipids (g/100 g)	-
Saturated fatty acids (g/100 g)	-
Total sugars (g/100 g)	-
Lactose (g/100 g)	-

ND: not detected.

Packaging and preservation

- Packaging : Resealable kraft pouches for both products.

Sustainable, recycled, and compostable packaging. Plastic-free and certified "Plastic neutral by CSR".

CSR Plastic Neutral

- Conservation : Upon receipt, mix the contents of the Lion's Mane extract sachet into the Tikawa sachet, reseal, and shake for 30 seconds. Store in a cool, dry place, away from light, in the resealable Tikawa sachet. Keep out of reach of children. Shelf life: [À COMPLÉTER PAR CAROLE].

🍄 Frequently Asked Questions about the Tikawa Focus Pack

Why is this pack called Focus ?

Focus because this duo has been designed to support concentration and mental clarity on a daily basis - the two most sought-after uses of Lion's Mane. Tikawa lupin coffee, caffeine-free, accompanies the coffee ritual without the drawbacks (acidity, nervousness, sleep disturbances), while the Lion's Mane extract provides its rich nutritional profile in beta-glucans. Ideal for long mornings of intellectual work, reading, or studying.

Should the two packets be mixed upon receipt ?

Yes, this is step 1. Upon receiving the pack, you pour the 72 g sachet of Lion's Mane extract into the 720 g sachet of Tikawa, reseal it, and shake for 30 seconds. You will have 792 g of Tikawa Focus blend ready to use for 2 to 3 months. Then, you use this blend just like a regular Tikawa - in a machine, Italian coffee maker, or filter. Since the extract is water-soluble, it naturally releases into the cup during preparation, while the lupin grounds remain in the filter. This is the principle used by the best mushroom filter coffees on the market.

Does the Tikawa Focus Pack really replace coffee ?

Yes, that is precisely the use for which it was designed. The Tikawa Classic is an organic roasted lupin coffee roasted at 180-200°C, which develops complex aromas very similar to coffee (roasted notes, chocolatey, slight bitterness)., caffeine-free, , without acidity, and with an alkalizing effect. 78% of Biovie customers who tested Tikawa enjoyed it from the first tasting. It is prepared exactly like regular coffee.

Does Tikawa contain gluten ?

No, the Tikawa is naturally gluten-free and product in a gluten-free workshop. It is exclusively made from blue sweet lupin, which is a legume - not a cereal. This is one of the reasons why this coffee alternative is favored by people who are gluten intolerant. However, it contains lupin, which is a major allergen listed by European regulations: it is not recommended for people allergic to lupin or peanuts (cross-reactions are possible in about 1 in 5 allergic individuals).

What preparation method should be used for the Tikawa Classic ?

The Tikawa Classic has a medium body and a balanced profile - it is suitable for all preparation methods. For the most authentic espresso experience, it is recommended to use the manual espresso machine. For a smoother and longer preparation, the filter or French press works very well (use 20% less grounds than for your usual coffee). In an Italian coffee maker, use 50 to 65% of the usual amount to avoid blocking the machine - lupin swells more than coffee.

What dose of Lion's Mane extract do I receive per cup ?

Everything depends on your preparation method. With the 10% extract mix: in a filter/French press (≈ 6 g of mix), you receive about 0.5 g of extract per cup. In an Italian coffee maker or espresso (≈ 8-10 g of blend), about 0.8 to 1 g per cup. It is within the documented efficacy range (clinical studies show benefits starting from 0.5 g/day). 1 to 2 cups per day are sufficient to reach the recommended maintenance dose. Maximum 30 g of mixture per day (≈ 3 g of extract).

How many cups can I make with the pack ?

The pack contains 720 g of Tikawa + 72 g of extract, which is 792 g of Tikawa Focus blend once prepared. With approximately 6 g of mix per cup in a filter/French press (or 8-10 g in an Italian coffee maker/espresso), you get between 80 and 130 cups. At 1 cup per day, the pack covers about 3 to 4 months of daily consumption. At 2 cups/day, approximately 6 to 8 weeks.

Is the Lion's Mane likely to alter the taste of the Tikawa ?

Very little. The taste of the water-soluble Lion's Mane extract is neutral to slightly nutty/umami, and it blends perfectly with the roasted and chocolatey profile of Tikawa Classic. Most users do not notice any significant taste difference.

Can I buy the two products separately ?

Yes, the Classic Tikawa and the Lion's Mane extract are also available individually on biovie.fr. The Focus pack is simply more economical: you receive both together for 2 to 3 months of daily consumption, pre-mixed and ready to use.

Founder's advice: this pack is designed for those who want to enjoy the pleasure of coffee—the ritual, the aroma, the warmth of the cup—without the caffeine, and also add the nutritional profile of Lion's Mane. The beauty of this pack is that once mixed upon receipt, you don't have to do anything extra on a daily basis: you prepare your Tikawa Focus blend just like a coffee, and the extract naturally releases into your cup. Many users use it as a gentle transition towards reducing regular coffee: they start by replacing their afternoon coffee with a Tikawa Focus, then gradually extend it throughout the day. Neither Tikawa nor Lion's Mane have a stimulating effect, so you can drink it in the evening without worrying about your sleep.

Update: April 2026. Article approved by Éric Viard, founder of Biovie and engineer ISTOM, co-author of Seaweed in everyday life (Gallimard, 2024) - Best cookbook in the world, Gourmand Cookbook Awards 2025, and Best cookbook in France, National Academy of Cuisine 2025.

Warning: The information presented in this product sheet is provided for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice. Dietary supplement, not a substitute for a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Keep out of reach of children. Tikawa contains lupin (major EU allergen) - not recommended in case of allergy to lupin or peanuts (cross-reactions possible in about 1 in 5 allergic individuals). Naturally gluten-free, produced in a gluten-free facility. Consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your diet or supplementation.